IEEE 802.11BA-2017 pdf download

IEEE 802.11BA-2017 pdf download.IEEE Technology1 Reporton Wake-Up Radio:An Application, Market, and Technology Impact Analysis of Low- Power/Low-Latency 802.11 Wireless LAN Interfaces.
Power management impinges on nearly every critical loT technology. Power-related challenges noted in Gartner and IHS Markit reports include:
Security. Low-cost, battery powered sensors and other devices may lack the processing power— or the electrical power—to support security systems customary on heavier hardware. Unattended, battery-driven devices may be open to physical attacks. And expanding the number of connected devices also expands the scope of potential denial of service attacks. Designers must also guard against “denial-of-sleep” attacks that keep remote device radios turned on to full power and drain their batteries [15], [16].
• Analytics. Network and power-reduction protocols must be able to identify, distinguish, address, monitor, and manage hundreds, thousands, or even millions of loT devices [15].
• Alternative power technologies. Optimizations of Wake-Up Radio and other 802.11 protocols designed to extend battery life can also make it feasible to use other low-power technologies, including solar power, wireless power transfer (WPT), electromechanical energy, and supercapacitors
[17].
• Low-power, short-range loT networks. “Selecting a wireless network for an loT device involves balancing many conflicting requirements, such as range, battery life, bandwidth, density, endpoint cost, and operational cost,” Gartner noted. “Low-power, short-range networks will dominate wireless loT connectivity through 2025, far outnumbering connections using wide-area loT networks. However, commercial and technical trade-offs mean that many solutions will coexist, with no single dominant winner and clusters emerging around certain technologies, applications, and vendor ecosystems [15].”
• Low-power, wide-area networks. “Traditional cellular networks don’t deliver a good combination of technical features and operational cost for those loT applications that need wide-area coverage combined with relatively low bandwidth, good battery life, low hardware and operating cost, and high connection density,” the Gartner summary observed. “The long-term goal of a wide-area loT network is to deliver data rates [up] to tens of kilobits per second (kbps) with nationwide coverage, a battery life of up to 10 years, an endpoint hardware cost of around $5, and support for hundreds of thousands of devices connected to a base station or its equivalent.” In this region, Wi-Fi, LPWAN, and such cellular technologies as Narrowband loT (NB-loT) will vie for dominance, Gartner predicted [15].
• Hardware. The challenge facing loT processors is how to provide strong security and encryption with long battery life in a small, fast chip. Cryptographic solutions for a distributed loT of low-power devices will need to be re-crafted to include hardware-based encryption designed into the host processor, according to IHS Markit [15], [16].
• Operating systems. Microcomputer operating systems are too big and require too much power for embedding in a long-lived remote loT device. At the same time, common existing OSs often cannot guarantee the real-time response necessary in a remote application. Remote loT devices will emphasize small, nimble, and efficient software architectures—some of which have been in development for years [15].
• Standards and ecosystems. “Although ecosystems and standards aren’t precisely technologies,” Gartner said, “most eventually materialize as application programming interfaces (APIs). Standards and their associated APIs will be essential because loT devices will need to interoperate and communicate, and many loT business models will rely on sharing data between multiple devices and organizations.” The key, say other observers, is to “componentize both hardware and software so vendors can assemble a system without needing to learn the ins and outs of the wireless part” of the system [15], [16].
“Many loT ecosystems will emerge, and commercial and technical battles between these ecosystems will dominate areas such as the smart home, the smart city, and healthcare. Organizations creating products may have to develop variants to support multiple standards or ecosystems and be prepared to update products during their life span as the standards evolve and new standards and related APIs emerge,” Gartner predicted [15].